INSTRUCTIONS: Very carefully read the evaluation and use it to identify the best answer that completes step (10) of the evaluation:
We do not give alcohol to an alcoholic. It clearly follows that we should not give clean syringe needles to a heroin addict.
STEPS (1) What are the statements?
STEPS (2) How are the statements used?
STEPS (3) What is the map (structure) of the reasoning?
(1). It clearly (AQ) follows that (CI) (2). 1-->2
STEP (4) Are there any assuring or guarding qualifiers? “Clearly” is used as an assuring qualifier. Given its grammatical location in the conclusion indicator, “it follows that,” the author believes that her/his reasoning is valid.
Since qualifiers express how strongly we assert a proposition or a supporting or explanatory relation, qualifiers are not logically part of what we assert. We discover whether a qualifier is correctly used only after having evaluated what it qualifies independently of the qualifier. A qualifier is correctly used if and only if the strength of the qualifier corresponds to the probability of the proposition or relation that it qualifies. In this particular example, the assuring qualifier “clearly” is correctly used if and only if the reasoning is valid (if and only if it is logically impossible for all the reasons to be true and their conclusion to be false).
STEP (5) What is the nature