The Atlantic Enlightenment in Context_ Lecture notes (Books- The Enlightenment Dorinda Outram, 3rd Ed.) (The Enlightenment: a Sourcebook and Reader- Paul Hyland) Periodisation Age of Darkness- 'aetas tenebrarum' People use the term Enlightenment. Bernard de Fontenelle 1657-1751 talks od a 'Philosophical Spirit' Tutorial Notes Nauret Humanism and the Cultural Renaissance of Europe Triumph and Disaster Context- Printing press is new so c.1440. Humanism is well established but viewed with suspicion because its Italian, and because of its reverence for pagan literature. It was not dominant north of the Alps. Only some universities supported Humanism. In the first decade of the new century, some became outspoken, there was an attempt to de-emphasise logic and disputations in favour of classical Latin rhetoric and moral Philosophy. Traditionalists didn't engage in prolemics against humanism. Etiquette is one of not taking about maters determined internally by faculty. There followed three generations of humanists each more radical than the last. The third generation became the reformers of the 1520s. The humanists of the sixteenth century didn't want to destroy the curriculum, just to move the focus. 1. They wanted to abandon the Doctrinale- a Medieval Latin grammar book, and take up the Rudiments of Grammar, Niccolo Perotti. This however was fundamental to future uni teachings. 'Aristotelean terms' needed for future study. Leading to Law, Medicine and Theology Humanist lecturer Heinrich Bebel was outspoken against Doctrinale. 2. Poetry; young humanists wanted more. Permanent Uni chairs on rhetorical, moral Phil. History and Greek, wanted humanist lecturers on permanent salaries. 3. Replacement of traditional translations of Aristotle from Latin to ones from Greek fifteenth century. This however meant Greek grammarians, not Aristotle, experts would decide meaning. Maximilian adopted humanist Bernard Perger as superintendent of the Uni of Vienna. Took advantage of Uni's need for Financial exemption. Perger resigns after getting no reform through and becomes the head of a special College of Poets and Mathematics. His position independent of faculty. However students didn't ge a BA of an MA, s the course didn't cover salutatory subjects. College fased out. 'Obstructionist tactics used by the faculties to thwart reform' Cologne and Heidelberg,
sometimes had a salaried humanist lecturers or unpaid lecturers who were allowed to get money direct from students. Tubingent and Ingolstadt had salaried lecturers at command and personal expense of ruling prince. Leipzig made rhetoric a MA requirement in 1496 pushed by duke of Saxony- Wittenberg (1502) and Frankfurt an der Order (1506) each had payed humanist lecturers to attract students. Hermann von Busche tried to teach grammar using Ars Mirrir, Ortwin Gratius stopped him, as it was too basic for Uni. Leipzig 1502-1511, Duke of Saxony tried to reform the Uni. Ended exclusion of Humanists from the Faculty. 1503 Duke financed poetry. They said change led to decline in academic standards. Hostility rose. 150tt faculty of cologne condemned the teaching of pagan poets. Said students who hadn't read traditional texts wouldn't be equipped for Uni. The faculty wanted rid of the humanists. 1515- the gradual rise of