Web-based survey : Disadvantages - Difficulty to ensure privacy and anonymity : Impossible to determine if a participant completes the survey more than once : Volunteer sampling - Produces samples that might significantly differ from the general population Inferior to random sampling methods Constructing and Refining a Survey Instrument : If an already validated survey instrument is available - We strongly recommend that you use it. - Constructing a survey instrument requires a lot of work. - Researchers can determine if an available instrument is appropriate by - Determining what samples it has been used with previously Examining reliability and validity data across these samples : Evaluating the instrument based on the guidelines in this chapter If the instrument has worked in the literature with similar samples, then use it. If it has not been tried with people exactly like your sample but it does follow the guidelines, then consider using it. - If it is not constructed well, then don't use it. - Construct a survey instrument if an already developed instrument is not available.
Survey instrument of data collection will be A questionnaire : An interview protocol : Highly similar to a questionnaire A questionnaire that has been put into script format : All of the principles of questionnaire construction apply equally. Principles of Questionnaire Construction 1. Write items to match the research objectives. 2. Write items that are appropriate and meaningful for the respondents to be surveyed. 3. Write short, simple questions. 4. Avoid loaded and leading questions 5. Avoid double-barreled questions 6. Avoid double negatives.
7. Determine whether closed-ended and/or open-ended questions are needed 8. Construct mutually exclusive and exhaustive response categories for closed- ended questions. 9. Consider the different types of closed-ended response categories. 10. Use multiple items to measure complex or abstract constructs. 11. Make sure the questionnaire is easy to use from the beginning to the end. 12. Pilot test the questionnaire until it is perfected.
Constructing and Refining a Survey Instrument : Full-length books on survey instrument construction : Brace (2018) - Dillman and Smith (2014) Harris (2014) : Robinson and Leonard (2019) Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) : Software tools for instrument construction and distribution of questionnaire : Google Forms, Survey Monkey, and Qualtrics
Principle 1. Write Items to Match the Research Objectives : Research proposal will include your research purpose/questions/objectives\. : Construct items to fulfill your objectives. : Conduct an extensive review of the literature to identify all areas to cover. : Write items that will provide reliable and valid data. : Issues of content and construct validity are especially relevant. Principle 2. Write Items That Are Appropriate and Meaningful for the Respondents to Be Surveyed. - Construct questionnaire items that will work with your particular respondents - Need to consider how your participants will view what you write - Don't use stilted or pretentious language : Think about your participants' Reading level - Demographics Cultural characteristics
- Write items that are understandable and meaningful to them. Use