Unit 1 (general systems): course notes & text chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 (NOT Ch. 3) cell, genetics, inflammatory, immune Exam 1: Unit 1( chap1-14 except chap 3) completion deadline from Monday, 23 to sunday 1/29/2023
Learning objectives for this file: 1. Review tissue biology, cellular changes with injury & infection 2. Theories of cancer development 3. Theories of aging 4. Circadian cycles. 5. Immune response- immune cells, cell-mediated & humoral immunity 6. Immunoglobulins, complement 7. Active & passive immunity, blood immune system, CRP 8. Transportation immunology, auto-immune disease 9. Inflammation- cells, cytokines 10. Immediate & delayed inflammatory response 11. Arachidonic acid pathway, eicosanoids, CRP 12. Wound healing- normal, dysfunctional
A. Tissue Biology Tissues: 1. Extracellular matrix: all cells are in contact with extracellular macromolecules. This holds cells in place. The extracellular matrix is an intricate meshwork of fibrous proteins embedded in a watery, gel-like substance composed of complex carbohydrates containing elastin, fibronectin, and collagen. Desmosomes hold cells together by forming bands or belts while polypeptides form proteins. 2. Cytokines: Chemicals made by cells that affect other cells growth & activity.
Three embryonic tissue types: . ectoderm : nerve, eye, skin . mesoderm: mesenchymal- muscle and GU . endoderm: visceral organs a. Epithelial tissue: May be smooth, or have microvilli, and/or cilia. Simple (one layer) or stratified (2+ layers) - pseudostratified looks stratified but is one layer
three basic shapes: squamous, cuboidal, columnar b. Connective tissue: The body's framework. Ground substance (fluid/gel) with fibroblasts (produce fibers). Three basic types of fibers. collagenous : protein, no elastic . elastic: elastin protein fibers and membranes . reticular fibers: form the stroma or parenchyma (actual tissue) of visceral organs and bone marrow. c. Muscle tissue: 3 types- all specialized movement (contraction/relaxation) . skeletal, cardiac and smooth d. Neural tissue: Neurons specialized for conduction and initiation of the electrical impulses information processing and transmission. Made of cell body (soma), axons, multiple dendrites.
Pathophysiology of tissues:
Changes in tissue that result from cell changes include hypertrophy with increased cell size and increased organelles to support the cell, but there is no increase in actual cell number. If one kidney is lost, other kidney will undergo compensatory hypertrophy.
Atrophy: reduction in cell size and organelles, but again, no change in cell number. Response to age, hormone changes, blood supply, disease (HIV, etc).
. hyperplasia : involves an increase in cell number. Not size. Example: compensatory hyperplasia (regeneration of liver), hormonal hyperplasia (uterus and breast), pathologic hyperplasia (endometrial).
metaplasia: is the reversible replacement of one cell type with another (repeated injury). Possible eventual cancer. Result of environmental irritants. Example: bronchia; metaplasia due to smoking.
dysplasia: abnormal cells ( in size, shape and organization). Also called atypical hyperplasia (in breast as precursor of malignant change). A precursor to neoplastic change (cervical dysplasia often occurs in response to infection with human papilloma virus (HPV).
Neoplasia: cancer. Metastases (invasive). Can be direct invasion, hematologic (bloodstream) or lymphatic (lymph channels). E.g ova