Introduction to Chemistry

Bishop

Chapter 14 Liquids: Condensation, Evaporation, and Dynamic Equilibrium - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

Problem 1

For each of the following pairs of elements, decide whether a bond between them would be covalent or ionic.
a. Ni and F
b. S and O

Nicole Smina

Numerade Educator

02:07

Problem 2

Classify each of the following as either a molecular compound or an ionic compound.
a. oxygen difluoride
b. $\mathrm{Na}_2 \mathrm{O}$
c. calcium carbonate
d. $\mathrm{C}_3 \mathrm{H}_8$

Vasu Makani

Numerade Educator

02:49

Classify each of the following compounds as either (1) a binary ionic compound, (2) an ionic compound with polyatomic ion(s), (3) a binary covalent compound, (4) a binary acid, (5) an alcohol, or (6) an oxyacid. Write the chemical formula that corresponds to each name.
a. magnesium chloride
c. ammonia
b. hydrogen chloride
f. hydrochloric acid
c. sodium nitrate
g. nitric acid
d. methane
h. ethanol

Vasu Makani

Numerade Educator

02:40

Problem 4

Classify each of the following compounds as either (1) a binary ionic compound, (2) an ionic compound with polyatomic ion(s), (3) a binary covalent compound, (4) a binary acid, (5) an alcohol, or (6) an oxyacid. Write the name that corresponds to each chemical formula.
a. HF
e. $\mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{H}_6$
b. $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{OH}$
f. $\mathrm{BF}_3$
c. LiBr
g. $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{SO}_4$
d. $\mathrm{NH}_4 \mathrm{Cl}$

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

05:30

Problem 5

For each of the formulas listed below, draw a reasonable Lewis structure, write the name of the electron group geometry around the central atom, draw the geometric sketch of the molecule, including bond angles, and write the name of the molecular geometry around the central atom.
a. $\mathrm{CCl}_4$
c. $\mathrm{PF}_3$
b. $\mathrm{SF}_2$
d. $\mathrm{BCl}_3$

Rajesh Singh

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
Gases can be converted into liquids by a decrease in temperature. At a high
temperature, there are no _____________ attractions between particles of a gas.
As the temperature is lowered, attractions between particles lead to the formation
of very small clusters that _____________ in the gas phase. As the temperature is
lowered further, the particles move slowly enough to form clusters so
_____________ that they drop to the bottom of the container and combine to
form a liquid.

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Problem 7

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
For a particle to escape from the surface of a liquid, it must be at the liquid’s
_____________, its _____________ must take it beyond the liquid’s surface,
and its _____________ must be great enough to overcome the backward pull of
the other particles at the surface.

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Problem 8

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
During the evaporation of a liquid, the _____________ moving particles escape,
leaving the particles left in the liquid with a lower average velocity, and lower
average velocity means _____________ temperature.

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Problem 9

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
The rate of evaporation—the _____________ of particles moving from liquid to
gas per second—depends on three factors: _____________ of the liquid,
_____________ between the particles in the liquid, and _____________ of the
liquid.

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Problem 10

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
Greater surface area means _____________ particles at the surface of a liquid,
which leads to a greater rate of evaporation.

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Problem 11

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
Weaker attractions between particles lead to a(n) _____________ rate of
evaporation.

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Problem 12

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
Increased temperature increases the average velocity and momentum of the
particles. As a result, a greater _____________ of particles will have the
minimum momentum necessary to escape, so the liquid will evaporate more
quickly.

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Problem 13

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
As long as the rate of evaporation of the liquid is greater than the rate of
condensation of the vapor, the concentration of vapor particles above the liquid
will _____________. However, as the concentration of vapor particles increases,
the rate of _____________ of vapor particles with the liquid increases, boosting
the rate of condensation.

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Problem 14

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
For a dynamic equilibrium to exist, the rates of the two _____________ changes
must be equal, so that there are constant changes between state A and state B but
no _____________ change in the components of the system.

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Problem 15

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
The _____________ of vapor above a liquid in a closed system with a dynamic
equilibrium between the rate of evaporation and the rate of condensation is called
the equilibrium vapor pressure, Pvap.

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Problem 16

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
The _____________ the attractions between particles of a substance, the higher
the equilibrium vapor pressure for that substance at a given temperature.

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Problem 17

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
Boiling can be defined as the conversion of liquid into vapor _____________ in
the liquid rather than just at the _____________.

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Problem 18

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
As a liquid is heated, the vapor pressure of the liquid increases until the
temperature gets high enough to make the pressure within the bubbles that form
equal to the _____________. At this temperature, the bubbles can maintain
their volume, and the liquid boils.

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Problem 19

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
The boiling-point temperature can be defined as the temperature at which the
_____________ pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the external pressure
acting on the liquid.

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Problem 20

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
If the external pressure acting on a liquid changes, then the _____________
needed to preserve a bubble changes, and therefore the boiling-point temperature
changes.

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Problem 21

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
The temperature at which the equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid equals
_____________ is called its normal boiling-point temperature or just its normal
boiling point.

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Problem 22

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
We know that increased strength of attractions leads to decreased rate
of evaporation, decreased rate of condensation at equilibrium, decreased
concentration of vapor, and decreased vapor pressure at a given temperature.
This leads to a(n) _____________ necessary to reach a vapor pressure of 1
atmosphere.

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Problem 23

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
A molecule that contains a partial positive charge at one end and a partial
negative charge at the other is called a(n) _____________ dipole, or often just a
dipole.

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Problem 24

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
A dipole-dipole attraction is an attraction between the _____________ end of
one molecule and the _____________ end of another molecule.

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Problem 25

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
When a polar molecular substance, such as hydrogen chloride, is heated to
convert it from liquid to gas, _____________ attractions are broken.

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Problem 26

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
The higher an element’s electronegativity, the greater its ability to
_____________ electrons from other elements.

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Problem 27

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
If the difference in electronegativity (∆EN) between the atoms in the bond is
_____________ 0.4, we expect them to share electrons more or less equally,
forming a nonpolar covalent bond.

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Problem 28

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
If the difference in electronegativity (∆EN) between two atoms is between 0.4
and 1.7, we expect the bond between them to be a(n) _____________ covalent
bond.

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Problem 29

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
If the difference in electronegativity (∆EN) between two atoms is
_____________, we expect the bond between them to be ionic.

Check back soon!

Problem 30

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
The atom with the higher electronegativity has the partial _____________
charge. The atom with the lower electronegativity has the partial _____________
charge.

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Problem 31

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
The nonmetallic element in a bond between a metallic atom and a nonmetallic
atom has the _____________ and forms the anion. The metallic element has the
_____________ and forms the cation.

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Problem 32

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
When comparing two covalent bonds, the bond with the greater
_____________ in electronegativity (∆EN) between the atoms in the bond is
likely to be the more polar bond.

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Problem 33

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
If a substance is composed of all nonmetallic elements and does not contain the
ammonium ion, you can assume that it is a(n) _____________.

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Problem 34

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
When there are no polar bonds in a molecule, there is no permanent charge
difference between one part of the molecule and another, and the molecule is
_____________.

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Problem 35

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
If the polar bonds in a molecule are evenly (or symmetrically) distributed, the
bond dipoles _____________ and do not create a molecular dipole.

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Problem 36

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
_____________ bonds are attractions that occur between a nitrogen, oxygen,
or fluorine atom of one molecule and a hydrogen atom bonded to a nitrogen,
oxygen, or fluorine atom in another molecule.

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Problem 37

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
An instantaneous dipole can create a dipole in the molecule next to it. For
example, the negative end of one instantaneous dipole will _____________ the
negative electron cloud of a nonpolar molecule next to it, pushing the cloud
toward the far side of the neighboring molecule. The new dipole is called a(n)
_____________ dipole.

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Problem 38

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each
blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
1 \text { atmosphere } \\
\text { anywhere } & \text { molecular compound } \\
\text { attract } & \text { momentum } \\
\text { cancel } & \text { more } \\
\text { chance } & \text { more rapidly } \\
\text { collisions } & \text { negative } \\
\text { difference } & \text { net } \\
\text { dipole-dipole } & \text { number } \\
\text { direction of motion } & \text { nonpolar } \\
\text { equilibrium vapor } & \text { opposing } \\
\text { external pressure } & \text { partial negative } \\
\text { greater than 1.7 } & \text { partial positive } \\
\text { higher } & \text { partial pressure } \\
\text { higher electronegativity } & \text { percentage } \\
\text { hydrogen } & \text { polar } \\
\text { increase } & \text { positive } \\
\text { increased temperature } & \text { remain } \\
\text { induced } & \text { repel } \\
\text { internal vapor pressure } & \text { significant } \\
\text { large } & \text { strength of attractions } \\
\text { less than } & \text { stronger } \\
\text { less tightly } & \text { surface } \\
\text { lower } & \text { surface area } \\
\text { lower electronegativity } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { molecular } & \text { top surface } \\
& \text { weaker } \\
& \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
The larger the molecules of a substance, the _____________ the London forces
between them. A larger molecule has more electrons and a greater
_____________ of having its electron cloud distorted from its nonpolar shape.
Thus instantaneous dipoles are more likely to form in larger molecules. The
electron clouds in larger molecules are also larger, so the average distance between
the nuclei and the electrons is greater; as a result, the electrons are held
_____________ and shift more easily to create a dipole.

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01:47

Problem 39

A batch of corn whiskey is being made in a backwoods still. The ingredients are mixed and heated, and because the ethyl alcohol, $\mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{H}_5 \mathrm{OH}$, evaporates more rapidly than the other components, the vapor that forms above the mixture is enriched in $\mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{H}_5 \mathrm{OH}$. When the vapor is captured and condensed, the liquid it forms has a higher percentage of ethyl alcohol than the original mixture. Describe the submicroscopic changes occurring when pure, gaseous $\mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{H}_5 \mathrm{OH}$ is converted to a liquid, including a description of the transitions from a high temperature gas to a lower temperature gas to a liquid.

Catherine Lemar

Numerade Educator

02:50

Problem 40

Why is dew more likely to form on a lawn at night than in the day? Describe the changes that take place as dew forms.

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

05:27

Problem 41

Acetone, $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COCH}_3$, is a laboratory solvent that is also commonly used as a nail polish remover.
a. Describe the submicroscopic events taking place at the surface of liquid acetone when it evaporates.
b. Do all of the acetone molecules moving away from the surface of the liquid escape? If not, why not? What three criteria must be met for a molecule to escape from the surface of the liquid and move into the gas phase?
c. If you spill some nail polish remover on your hand, the spot will soon feel cold. Why?
d. If you spill some acetone on a lab bench, it evaporates much faster than the same amount of acetone in a test tube. Why?
e. If you spill acetone on a hot plate in the laboratory, it evaporates much more quickly than the same amount of acetone spilled on the cooler lab bench. Why?

Ryan Daly

Numerade Educator

01:36

Problem 42

Consider two test tubes, each containing the same amount of liquid acetone. A student leaves one of the test tubes open overnight and covers the other one with a balloon so that gas cannot escape. When the student returns to the lab the next day, all of the acetone is gone from the open test tube, but most of it remains in the covered tube.
a. Explain why the acetone is gone from one test tube and not from the other.
b. Was the initial rate at which liquid changed to gas (the rate of evaporation) greater in one test tube than the other? Explain your answer.
c. Consider the system after 30 minutes, with liquid remaining in both test tubes. Is condensation (vapor to liquid) taking place in both test tubes? Is the rate of condensation the same in both test tubes? Explain your answer.
d. Describe the submicroscopic changes in the covered test tube that lead to a constant amount of liquid and vapor.
e. The balloon expands slightly after it is placed over the test tube, suggesting an initial increase in pressure in the space above the liquid. Why? After this initial expansion, the balloon stays inflated by the same amount. Why doesn't the pressure inside the balloon change after the initial increase?
f. If the covered test tube is heated, the balloon expands. Part of this expansion is due to the increase in gas pressure owing to the rise in temperature of the gas, but the increase is greater than expected from this factor alone. What other factor accounts for the increase in pressure? Describe the submicroscopic changes that take place that lead to this other factor.

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

01:22

Problem 43

The attractions between ethanol molecules, $\mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{H}_5 \mathrm{OH}$, are stronger than the attractions between diethyl ether molecules, $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{OCH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_3$.
a. Which of these substances would you expect to have the higher rate of evaporation at room temperature? Why?
b. Which of these substances would you expect to have the higher equilibrium vapor pressure? Why?

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

01:00

Problem 44

Why do caregivers rub alcohol on the skin of feverish patients?

Kathleen Kozinski

Numerade Educator

01:57

Problem 45

Picture a half empty milk bottle in the refrigerator. The water in the milk will be constantly evaporating into the gas-filled space above the liquid, and the water molecules in this space will be constantly colliding with the liquid and returning to the liquid state. If the milk is tightly closed, a dynamic equilibrium forms between the rate of evaporation and the rate of condensation. If the bottle is removed from the refrigerator and left out in the room with its cap still on tightly, what happens to the rates of evaporation and condensation? An hour later when the milk has reached room temperature, will a dynamic equilibrium exist between evaporation and condensation?

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

00:49

Problem 46

Describe the difference between boiling point temperature and normal boiling point temperature.

Lizabeth Tumminello

Numerade Educator

01:57

Problem 47

The normal boiling point of ethanol, $\mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{H}_5 \mathrm{OH}$, is $78.3^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.
a. Describe the submicroscopic events occurring when a bubble forms in liquid ethanol.
b. Consider heating liquid ethanol in a system where the external pressure acting on the liquid is 1 atm . Explain why bubbles cannot form and escape from the liquid until the temperature reaches $78.3^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.
c. If the external pressure on the surface of the ethanol is increased to 2 atm , will its boiling-point temperature increase, decrease, or stay the same? Why?

Lottie Adams

Numerade Educator

00:30

Problem 48

Explain why potatoes take longer to cook in boiling water on top of Mount Everest than at sea level and why they cook faster in water boiled in a pressure cooker.

Angelina Chavez

Numerade Educator

00:11

Problem 49

At 86 m below sea level, Death Valley is the lowest point in the western hemisphere. The boiling point of water in Death Valley is slightly higher than water's normal boiling point. Explain why.

Brandon Fox

Numerade Educator

00:55

Problem 50

Butane is a gas at room temperature and pressure, but the butane found in some cigarette lighters is a liquid. How can this be?

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

01:38

Problem 51

Explain why liquid substances with stronger interparticle attractions will have higher boiling points than liquid substances whose particles experience weaker interparticle attractions.

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

01:11

Problem 52

Bromine monofluoride, BrF , a substance that liquefies at $-20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, consists of polar molecules that are very similar to HCl molecules. Each BrF molecule consists of a bromine atom with a polar covalent bond to a fluorine atom. (a) Describe what you would see if you were small enough to ride on a BrF molecule in gaseous bromine monofluoride. (b) Describe the process that takes place when bromine monofluoride gas is cooled enough to form a liquid. (c) What type of attraction holds the molecules together in the liquid form? (d) Draw a rough sketch of the structure of liquid bromine monofluoride. (e) Describe what you would see if you were small enough to ride on a BrF molecule in liquid bromine monofluoride.

Adriano Chikande

Numerade Educator

06:46

Problem 53

Do the electronegativities of the elements in a column on the periodic table increase or decrease from top to bottom? Do the electronegativities of the elements in a period on the periodic table increase or decrease from left to right? In general, the greater the separation of two elements on the periodic table, the greater the difference in electronegativity and the greater the expected polarity of the bond they form. Is this always true? If it is not always true, when is it true and when is it not necessarily true?

Susan Hallstrom

Numerade Educator

01:28

Problem 54

Classify each of the following bonds as nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic. If a bond is polar covalent, identify the atom that has the partial negative charge and the atom that has the partial positive charge. If a bond is ionic, identify the ion that has the negative charge and the ion that has the positive charge.
a. $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{N}$
d. $\mathrm{Li}-\mathrm{F}$
g. $\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{S}$
j. F-H
b. $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}$
c. $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{Se}$
h. $\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{P}$
c. $\mathrm{H}-\mathrm{Br}$
f. $\mathrm{Se}-\mathrm{S}$
i. $\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{K}$

David Collins

Numerade Educator

00:59

Problem 55

Classify each of the following bonds as nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic. If a bond is polar covalent, identify the atom that has the partial negative charge and the atom that has the partial positive charge. If a bond is ionic, identify the ion that has the negative charge and the ion that has the positive charge.
a. $\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{O}$
d. $\mathrm{H}-\mathrm{I}$
g. $\mathrm{Se}-\mathrm{I}$
j. F-P
b. $\mathrm{Al}-\mathrm{Cl}$
e. $\mathrm{Br}-\mathrm{Cl}$
h. $\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{Sr}$
c. $\mathrm{Cl}-\mathrm{N}$
f. $\mathrm{Cl}-\mathrm{S}$
i. $\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{F}$

Sam Limsuwannarot

Numerade Educator

01:23

Problem 56

Identify the bond in each pair that you would expect to be more polar.
a. $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}$ or $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}$
b. $\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{H}$ or $\mathrm{H}-\mathrm{Cl}$

Nicole Smina

Numerade Educator

03:26

Problem 57

Identify the bond in each pair that you would expect to be more polar.
a. $\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{F}$ or $\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{Cl}$
b. S-I or $\mathrm{Se}-\mathrm{F}$

Arpit Gupta

Numerade Educator

01:18

Problem 58

Explain why water molecules are polar, why ethane, $\mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{H}_6$, molecules are nonpolar, and why carbon dioxide, $\mathrm{CO}_2$, molecules are nonpolar.

Lottie Adams

Numerade Educator

01:59

Problem 59

The $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{F}$ bond is more polar than the $\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{F}$ bond, but $\mathrm{CF}_4$ molecules are nonpolar and $\mathrm{NF}_3$ molecules are polar. Explain why.

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 60

Ammonia has been used as a refrigerant. In the cooling cycle, gaseous ammonia is alternately compressed to a liquid and allowed to expand back to the gaseous state. What are the particles that form the fundamental structure of ammonia? What type of attraction holds these particles together? Draw a rough sketch of the structure of liquid ammonia.

Check back soon!

01:40

Problem 61

Methanol can be used as a home heating oil extender. What are the particles that form the fundamental structure of methanol? What type of attraction holds these particles together? Draw a rough sketch of the structure of liquid methanol.

Joanna Josey

Numerade Educator

00:40

Problem 62

Bromine, $\mathrm{Br}_2$, is used to make ethylene bromide, which is an antiknock additive in gasoline. The $\mathrm{Br}_2$ molecules have nonpolar covalent bonds between the atoms, so we expect isolated $\mathrm{Br}_2$ molecules to be nonpolar. Despite the nonpolar character of isolated $\mathrm{Br}_2$ molecules, attractions form between bromine molecules that are strong enough to hold the particles in the liquid form at room temperature and pressure. What is the nature of these attractions? How do they arise? Describe what you would see if you were small enough to ride on a $\mathrm{Br}_2$ molecule in liquid bromine.

Sam Limsuwannarot

Numerade Educator

01:43

Problem 63

Carbon tetrabromide, $\mathrm{CBr}_4$, is used to make organic compounds, and carbon tetrachloride, $\mathrm{CCl}_4$, is an industrial solvent whose use is diminishing due to its toxicity. Both $\mathrm{CCl}_4$ and $\mathrm{CBr}_4$ molecules are nonpolar. Carbon tetrachloride is a liquid at room temperature, but carbon tetrabromide is a solid, suggesting that the attractions between $\mathrm{CCl}_4$ molecules are weaker than between $\mathrm{CBr}_4$ molecules. Explain why.

David Collins

Numerade Educator

02:28

Problem 64

Carbon disulfide, $\mathrm{CS}_2$, which is used to make rayon, is composed of nonpolar molecules that are similar to carbon dioxide molecules, $\mathrm{CO}_2$. Unlike carbon dioxide, carbon disulfide is liquid at room temperature. Why?

Preeti Kumari

Numerade Educator

02:56

Problem 65

Milk bottles are often made of polyethylene plastic, which is composed of extremely large, nonpolar molecules. What type of attraction holds these molecules together in the solid form? In general, would you expect this type of attraction to be stronger or weaker than the hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together? Because polyethylene is a solid at room temperature and water is a liquid, the attractions between polyethylene molecules must be stronger than those between water molecules. What makes the attractions between polyethylene molecules so strong?

Dr. Satish Ingale

Numerade Educator

01:32

Problem 66

Methanol, $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{OH}$, is used to make formaldehyde, $\mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{O}$, which is used in embalming fluids. The molecules of these substances have close to the same atoms and about the same molecular mass, so why is methanol a liquid at room temperature and formaldehyde a gas?

Pronoy Sinha

Numerade Educator

00:54

Problem 67

Describe the similarities and differences between natural gas, gasoline, and asphalt. Explain why the substances in natural gas are gaseous, why the substances in gasoline are liquid, and why the substances in asphalt are solid.

Khoobchandra Agrawal

Numerade Educator

03:17

Problem 68

Complete the following table by specifying (1) the name for the type of particle viewed as forming the structure of a solid, liquid, or gas of each of the following substances and (2) the name of the type of attraction holding these particles in the solid and liquid form.
a. silver
c. $\mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{H}_5 \mathrm{OH}$
e. $\mathrm{C}_5 \mathrm{H}_{12}$
b. HCl
d. carbon (diamond)
f. water

Thomas Harr

Numerade Educator

03:48

Problem 69

Complete the following table by specifying (1) the name for the type of particle viewed as forming the structure of a solid, liquid, or gas of each of the following substances and (2) the name of the type of attraction holding these particles in the solid and liquid form.
a. ammonia
c. $\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{14}$
c. hydrogen bromide
b. KCl
d. iodine
f. $\mathrm{C}_3 \mathrm{H}_7 \mathrm{OH}$

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

02:22

Problem 70

Have you ever broken a mercury thermometer? If you have, you probably noticed that the mercury forms droplets on the surface on which it falls rather than spreading out and wetting it like water. Describe the difference between liquid mercury and liquid water that explains this different behavior. (Hint: Consider the attractions between particles.)

Shazia Naz

Numerade Educator

09:41

Problem 71

Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs, were used for years as aerosol propellants (Section 7.4). Although CFCs, such as CFC-12, are gases at normal pressure, under high pressures they can be converted to liquid. The liquid CFC in an aerosol can evaporates, and the resulting vapor pressure pushes substances out of the can. When the valve on the top of the can is pressed and substances escape, the pressure inside the can decreases at first, but it quickly returns to the pressure that existed before the valve was pushed. Describe what happens at the "submicroscopic" level as the pressure returns to its original value. Why does the pressure return to the same value as long as any liquid CFC remains in the can? If you were looking for a replacement for CFCs in aerosol cans, what are the criteria you might consider?

Vipender Yadav

Numerade Educator