Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding (2nd Edition)

Scott O. Lilienfeld, Steven J Lynn, Laura L. Namy, Nancy J. Woolf

Chapter 11

EMOTION AND MOTIVATION: what moves us - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

Problem 1

According to discrete emotions theory, people experience a small number (perhaps seven) of distinct biologically influenced emotions. According to cognitive theories, including the James-Lange theory, emotions result from our interpretation of stimuli or our bodily reactions to them. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotion-provoking events lead to both emotions and bodily reactions. Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory proposes that emotions are the explanations we attach to our general state of arousal following an emotion-provoking event.

According to __________ __________ theory, humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that combine in complex ways.

Emily Himsel

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

According to discrete emotions theory, people experience a small number (perhaps seven) of distinct biologically influenced emotions. According to cognitive theories, including the James-Lange theory, emotions result from our interpretation of stimuli or our bodily reactions to them. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotion-provoking events lead to both emotions and bodily reactions. Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory proposes that emotions are the explanations we attach to our general state of arousal following an emotion-provoking event.

One of the first researchers to study how emotional expressions of humans and nonhumans are similar, __________ __________ observed that the angry snarl of dogs bears a resemblance to the dismissive sneer of humans.

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

According to discrete emotions theory, people experience a small number (perhaps seven) of distinct biologically influenced emotions. According to cognitive theories, including the James-Lange theory, emotions result from our interpretation of stimuli or our bodily reactions to them. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotion-provoking events lead to both emotions and bodily reactions. Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory proposes that emotions are the explanations we attach to our general state of arousal following an emotion-provoking event.

What kind of smile, marked by the turning upward of the corners of the mouth and changes in the eyelids and corners of the eye, is Paul Ekman displaying in this photo?

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

According to discrete emotions theory, people experience a small number (perhaps seven) of distinct biologically influenced emotions. According to cognitive theories, including the James-Lange theory, emotions result from our interpretation of stimuli or our bodily reactions to them. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotion-provoking events lead to both emotions and bodily reactions. Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory proposes that emotions are the explanations we attach to our general state of arousal following an emotion-provoking event.

According to __________ theories of emotion, emotions are products of thinking.

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 5

According to discrete emotions theory, people experience a small number (perhaps seven) of distinct biologically influenced emotions. According to cognitive theories, including the James-Lange theory, emotions result from our interpretation of stimuli or our bodily reactions to them. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotion-provoking events lead to both emotions and bodily reactions. Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory proposes that emotions are the explanations we attach to our general state of arousal following an emotion-provoking event.

According to the __________ theory of emotion, emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli.

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

According to discrete emotions theory, people experience a small number (perhaps seven) of distinct biologically influenced emotions. According to cognitive theories, including the James-Lange theory, emotions result from our interpretation of stimuli or our bodily reactions to them. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotion-provoking events lead to both emotions and bodily reactions. Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory proposes that emotions are the explanations we attach to our general state of arousal following an emotion-provoking event.

According to Damasio's somatic marker theory, we (do/don't) use our "gut reactions" to help us determine how we should act.

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

According to discrete emotions theory, people experience a small number (perhaps seven) of distinct biologically influenced emotions. According to cognitive theories, including the James-Lange theory, emotions result from our interpretation of stimuli or our bodily reactions to them. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotion-provoking events lead to both emotions and bodily reactions. Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory proposes that emotions are the explanations we attach to our general state of arousal following an emotion-provoking event.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, an emotion-provoking event leads __________ to both an emotion and to bodily reactions.

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

According to discrete emotions theory, people experience a small number (perhaps seven) of distinct biologically influenced emotions. According to cognitive theories, including the James-Lange theory, emotions result from our interpretation of stimuli or our bodily reactions to them. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotion-provoking events lead to both emotions and bodily reactions. Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory proposes that emotions are the explanations we attach to our general state of arousal following an emotion-provoking event.

Describe how we experience emotions during an event like a car accident, according to Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion.

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 9

Many emotional experiences are generated automatically and operate unconsciously, as illustrated by research on the mere exposure effect and the facial feedback hypothesis.

According to the mere exposure effect, repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us (more/less) likely to feel favorably toward it.

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

Many emotional experiences are generated automatically and operate unconsciously, as illustrated by research on the mere exposure effect and the facial feedback hypothesis.

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, we're more likely to feel emotions that correspond to our __________ __________.

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 11

Much of emotional expression is nonverbal; gestures highlight speech (illustrators), involve touches of our bodies (manipulators), or convey specific meanings (emblems). Nonverbal expressions are often more valid indicators of emotions than are words.

The unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior is known as __________ __________.

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 12

Much of emotional expression is nonverbal; gestures highlight speech (illustrators), involve touches of our bodies (manipulators), or convey specific meanings (emblems). Nonverbal expressions are often more valid indicators of emotions than are words.

How do emoticons help to ensure that an e-mail or text message is interpreted in the manner it was intended?

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 13

Much of emotional expression is nonverbal; gestures highlight speech (illustrators), involve touches of our bodies (manipulators), or convey specific meanings (emblems). Nonverbal expressions are often more valid indicators of emotions than are words.

When talking, we often use __________, gestures that highlight or accentuate speech.

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 14

Much of emotional expression is nonverbal; gestures highlight speech (illustrators), involve touches of our bodies (manipulators), or convey specific meanings (emblems). Nonverbal expressions are often more valid indicators of emotions than are words.

When stressed or nervous, you may engage in __________, such as biting your fingernails or twirling your hair.

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 15

Much of emotional expression is nonverbal; gestures highlight speech (illustrators), involve touches of our bodies (manipulators), or convey specific meanings (emblems). Nonverbal expressions are often more valid indicators of emotions than are words.

Gestures that convey specific meanings, such as a hand wave or the OK sign, are called __________.

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

The polygraph test measures physiological responses to questions designed to expose falsehoods. The Controlled Question Test (CQT) contains questions relevant and irrelevant to the crime, and control questions that reflect presumed lies. Greater physiological reactivity in response to relevant questions supposedly suggests deception. Nevertheless, the CQT detects general arousal rather than guilt and results in numerous false positives-innocent individuals mistakenly identified as guilty. False negatives (guilty individuals mistakenly identified as innocent) can result when individuals employ countermeasures (such as biting the tongue or curling the toes). The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) instead relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don't. The GKT has a low false-positive rate, but a fairly high false-negative rate.

Typically, the correlation between people's confidence in their ability to detect lies and their accuracy in doing so is (low/high).

James Kiss

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

The polygraph test measures physiological responses to questions designed to expose falsehoods. The Controlled Question Test (CQT) contains questions relevant and irrelevant to the crime, and control questions that reflect presumed lies. Greater physiological reactivity in response to relevant questions supposedly suggests deception. Nevertheless, the CQT detects general arousal rather than guilt and results in numerous false positives-innocent individuals mistakenly identified as guilty. False negatives (guilty individuals mistakenly identified as innocent) can result when individuals employ countermeasures (such as biting the tongue or curling the toes). The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) instead relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don't. The GKT has a low false-positive rate, but a fairly high false-negative rate.

The most widely administered version of the polygraph test, the __________ __________ __________, measures subjects' physiological responses following three major types of yes-no questions.

James Kiss

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

The polygraph test measures physiological responses to questions designed to expose falsehoods. The Controlled Question Test (CQT) contains questions relevant and irrelevant to the crime, and control questions that reflect presumed lies. Greater physiological reactivity in response to relevant questions supposedly suggests deception. Nevertheless, the CQT detects general arousal rather than guilt and results in numerous false positives-innocent individuals mistakenly identified as guilty. False negatives (guilty individuals mistakenly identified as innocent) can result when individuals employ countermeasures (such as biting the tongue or curling the toes). The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) instead relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don't. The GKT has a low false-positive rate, but a fairly high false-negative rate.

Research shows that the primary problem with the polygraph test is its high rate of (false positives/false negatives).

James Kiss

Numerade Educator

Problem 19

The polygraph test measures physiological responses to questions designed to expose falsehoods. The Controlled Question Test (CQT) contains questions relevant and irrelevant to the crime, and control questions that reflect presumed lies. Greater physiological reactivity in response to relevant questions supposedly suggests deception. Nevertheless, the CQT detects general arousal rather than guilt and results in numerous false positives-innocent individuals mistakenly identified as guilty. False negatives (guilty individuals mistakenly identified as innocent) can result when individuals employ countermeasures (such as biting the tongue or curling the toes). The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) instead relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don't. The GKT has a low false-positive rate, but a fairly high false-negative rate.

How does the polygraph rely on the assumption of the Pinocchio response?

James Kiss

Numerade Educator

Problem 20

The polygraph test measures physiological responses to questions designed to expose falsehoods. The Controlled Question Test (CQT) contains questions relevant and irrelevant to the crime, and control questions that reflect presumed lies. Greater physiological reactivity in response to relevant questions supposedly suggests deception. Nevertheless, the CQT detects general arousal rather than guilt and results in numerous false positives-innocent individuals mistakenly identified as guilty. False negatives (guilty individuals mistakenly identified as innocent) can result when individuals employ countermeasures (such as biting the tongue or curling the toes). The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) instead relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don't. The GKT has a low false-positive rate, but a fairly high false-negative rate.

Some employers administer paper-and-pencil __________ tests in an attempt to assess workers' tendency to steal or cheat.

James Kiss

Numerade Educator

Problem 21

Positive psychology emphasizes strengths, love, and happiness. Happiness is often adaptive; it allows us to build on strengths and opportunities (broaden and build theory).

Explain how the King of Bhutan plans to increase the Gross National Happiness of his country and why this initiative may be beneficial to all.

Check back soon!

Problem 22

Positive psychology emphasizes strengths, love, and happiness. Happiness is often adaptive; it allows us to build on strengths and opportunities (broaden and build theory).

Peterson and Seligman identified numerous __________ __________ and __________ as essential to positive psychology.

Jessica Reyna

Numerade Educator

Problem 23

Positive psychology emphasizes strengths, love, and happiness. Happiness is often adaptive; it allows us to build on strengths and opportunities (broaden and build theory).

According to Fredrickson's __________ __________ __________ theory, happiness predisposes us to think more openly.

Jessica Reyna

Numerade Educator

Problem 24

Myths: The prime determinant of happiness is what happens to us; money makes us happy; happiness declines in old age; and people on the West Coast are the happiest. Realities: Happiness is associated with marriage, college education, and religious beliefs; voting Republican; exercise; gratitude; and immersion in what we're doing ("flow"). We tend to overestimate the long-term impact of events on our happiness. Myth: Low self-esteem is the root of all unhappiness. Reality: Self-esteem is only modestly associated with mental health but is associated with greater initiative, persistence, and positive illusions-the tendency to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do.

__________ __________ is a strategy of anticipating failures and compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes.

Check back soon!

Problem 25

Myths: The prime determinant of happiness is what happens to us; money makes us happy; happiness declines in old age; and people on the West Coast are the happiest. Realities: Happiness is associated with marriage, college education, and religious beliefs; voting Republican; exercise; gratitude; and immersion in what we're doing ("flow"). We tend to overestimate the long-term impact of events on our happiness. Myth: Low self-esteem is the root of all unhappiness. Reality: Self-esteem is only modestly associated with mental health but is associated with greater initiative, persistence, and positive illusions-the tendency to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do.

According to psychological research, money (can/can't) buy longterm happiness.

Brandon Miskanic

Brandon Miskanic

Numerade Educator

Problem 26

Myths: The prime determinant of happiness is what happens to us; money makes us happy; happiness declines in old age; and people on the West Coast are the happiest. Realities: Happiness is associated with marriage, college education, and religious beliefs; voting Republican; exercise; gratitude; and immersion in what we're doing ("flow"). We tend to overestimate the long-term impact of events on our happiness. Myth: Low self-esteem is the root of all unhappiness. Reality: Self-esteem is only modestly associated with mental health but is associated with greater initiative, persistence, and positive illusions-the tendency to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do.

The increase in happiness with old age appears to be due to the __________ effect.

Check back soon!

Problem 27

Myths: The prime determinant of happiness is what happens to us; money makes us happy; happiness declines in old age; and people on the West Coast are the happiest. Realities: Happiness is associated with marriage, college education, and religious beliefs; voting Republican; exercise; gratitude; and immersion in what we're doing ("flow"). We tend to overestimate the long-term impact of events on our happiness. Myth: Low self-esteem is the root of all unhappiness. Reality: Self-esteem is only modestly associated with mental health but is associated with greater initiative, persistence, and positive illusions-the tendency to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do.

The ability to predict our own and others' happiness is called __________ __________.

Check back soon!

Problem 28

Myths: The prime determinant of happiness is what happens to us; money makes us happy; happiness declines in old age; and people on the West Coast are the happiest. Realities: Happiness is associated with marriage, college education, and religious beliefs; voting Republican; exercise; gratitude; and immersion in what we're doing ("flow"). We tend to overestimate the long-term impact of events on our happiness. Myth: Low self-esteem is the root of all unhappiness. Reality: Self-esteem is only modestly associated with mental health but is associated with greater initiative, persistence, and positive illusions-the tendency to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do.

When we believe that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do, we're suffering from a __________ __________.

Check back soon!

Problem 29

Myths: The prime determinant of happiness is what happens to us; money makes us happy; happiness declines in old age; and people on the West Coast are the happiest. Realities: Happiness is associated with marriage, college education, and religious beliefs; voting Republican; exercise; gratitude; and immersion in what we're doing ("flow"). We tend to overestimate the long-term impact of events on our happiness. Myth: Low self-esteem is the root of all unhappiness. Reality: Self-esteem is only modestly associated with mental health but is associated with greater initiative, persistence, and positive illusions-the tendency to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do.

Why do secondplace finishers tend to be less happy than third-place finishers?

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Problem 30

Myths: The prime determinant of happiness is what happens to us; money makes us happy; happiness declines in old age; and people on the West Coast are the happiest. Realities: Happiness is associated with marriage, college education, and religious beliefs; voting Republican; exercise; gratitude; and immersion in what we're doing ("flow"). We tend to overestimate the long-term impact of events on our happiness. Myth: Low self-esteem is the root of all unhappiness. Reality: Self-esteem is only modestly associated with mental health but is associated with greater initiative, persistence, and positive illusions-the tendency to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do.

Most individuals with high self-esteem have __________ __________, in that they see themselves as more intelligent, attractive, and likeable than other individuals.

Check back soon!

Problem 31

Motivation refers to the drives-especially our wants and needsthat propel us in specific directions. Drive reduction theory states that drives (such as hunger and thirst) pull us to act in certain ways. The Yerkes-Dodson law posits an inverted U-shaped relation between arousal and mood/performance. Approach and avoidance often drive conflict. According to incentive theories, positive goals are motivators. These motivators include primary (biological) and secondary (psychological desires/achievement, self-actualization) needs.

Is there any research evidence that motivational speakers, like Anthony Robbins, produce long-term changes in people's behavior?

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Problem 32

Motivation refers to the drives-especially our wants and needsthat propel us in specific directions. Drive reduction theory states that drives (such as hunger and thirst) pull us to act in certain ways. The Yerkes-Dodson law posits an inverted U-shaped relation between arousal and mood/performance. Approach and avoidance often drive conflict. According to incentive theories, positive goals are motivators. These motivators include primary (biological) and secondary (psychological desires/achievement, self-actualization) needs.

Most drive reduction theories propose that we're motivated to maintain a given level of psychological __________.

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 33

Motivation refers to the drives-especially our wants and needsthat propel us in specific directions. Drive reduction theory states that drives (such as hunger and thirst) pull us to act in certain ways. The Yerkes-Dodson law posits an inverted U-shaped relation between arousal and mood/performance. Approach and avoidance often drive conflict. According to incentive theories, positive goals are motivators. These motivators include primary (biological) and secondary (psychological desires/achievement, self-actualization) needs.

The __________ law describes an inverted $\mathrm{U}$-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand, and performance and mood, on the other.

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 34

Motivation refers to the drives-especially our wants and needsthat propel us in specific directions. Drive reduction theory states that drives (such as hunger and thirst) pull us to act in certain ways. The Yerkes-Dodson law posits an inverted U-shaped relation between arousal and mood/performance. Approach and avoidance often drive conflict. According to incentive theories, positive goals are motivators. These motivators include primary (biological) and secondary (psychological desires/achievement, self-actualization) needs.

__________ theories propose that we're often motivated by positive goals.

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 35

Motivation refers to the drives-especially our wants and needsthat propel us in specific directions. Drive reduction theory states that drives (such as hunger and thirst) pull us to act in certain ways. The Yerkes-Dodson law posits an inverted U-shaped relation between arousal and mood/performance. Approach and avoidance often drive conflict. According to incentive theories, positive goals are motivators. These motivators include primary (biological) and secondary (psychological desires/achievement, self-actualization) needs.

Using Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, insert the appropriate need at each level of the pyramid in the path to achieving self-actualization.

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Problem 36

The lateral hypothalamus has been called a "feeding center" and the ventromedial hypothalamus a "satiety center," although these descriptions oversimplify scientific reality. Hunger is also associated with hormones (ghrelin), low glucose levels, neurotransmitters (leptin, serotonin), a genetically programmed set point for body fat and muscle mass, specific genes (melanocortin- 4 receptor gene, leptin gene), and sensitivity to food cues and expectations.

According to __________ theory, when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose.

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 37

The lateral hypothalamus has been called a "feeding center" and the ventromedial hypothalamus a "satiety center," although these descriptions oversimplify scientific reality. Hunger is also associated with hormones (ghrelin), low glucose levels, neurotransmitters (leptin, serotonin), a genetically programmed set point for body fat and muscle mass, specific genes (melanocortin- 4 receptor gene, leptin gene), and sensitivity to food cues and expectations.

Each of us may have a genetically programmed __________ __________that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain.

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 38

Bulimia nervosa is marked by recurrent binge eating, followed by attempts to minimize weight gain. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by a refusal to eat, resulting in body weight less than 85 percent of that expected for age and height.

__________ is the most common eating disorder, and 95 percent of the people with this diagnosis are women. (p. 436)

YH

Yazeed Hamami

Numerade Educator

Problem 39

Masters and Johnson described four stages of the sexual response cycle: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Frequency of sexual activity decreases with age, but sexual satisfaction doesn't. Expression of sexual desire is shaped by social norms and culture.

Masters and Johnson reported in their pioneering investigation that the basic sexual arousal cycle is (the same/different) for men and women. (p. 438)

Alexa Moschella

Alexa Moschella

Numerade Educator

Problem 40

Common myths include the notions that gay individuals: (a) typically adopt a masculine or feminine role; (b) are especially likely to sexually abuse children and adolescents; and (c) are usually inadequate parents. Potential influences on sexual orientation are an inherited tendency toward childhood gender nonconformity; sex hormones; prenatal influences; and brain differences.

According to one theory of influences on sexual orientation, girls exposed to excessive testosterone in the womb develop __________ brains, and boys exposed to too little testosterone develop __________ brains.

Tanner Fonjweng

Tanner Fonjweng

Numerade Educator

Problem 41

Factors guiding attraction and relationship formation are proximity (physical closeness), similarity (like attracts like), reciprocity (give what we get), physical attractiveness (more important to men than to women), evolutionary influences, social roles, and preference for "average" faces.

Physical nearness, or __________, affords the opportunity for relationship formation.

Alyssa Mae L.

Numerade Educator

Problem 42

Factors guiding attraction and relationship formation are proximity (physical closeness), similarity (like attracts like), reciprocity (give what we get), physical attractiveness (more important to men than to women), evolutionary influences, social roles, and preference for "average" faces.

We're often attracted to people with whom we have high levels of __________, or things in common.

Alyssa Mae L.

Numerade Educator

Problem 43

Factors guiding attraction and relationship formation are proximity (physical closeness), similarity (like attracts like), reciprocity (give what we get), physical attractiveness (more important to men than to women), evolutionary influences, social roles, and preference for "average" faces.

For a relationship to move to deeper levels, the rule of give and take, or __________ is often crucial.

Alyssa Mae L.

Numerade Educator

Problem 44

Factors guiding attraction and relationship formation are proximity (physical closeness), similarity (like attracts like), reciprocity (give what we get), physical attractiveness (more important to men than to women), evolutionary influences, social roles, and preference for "average" faces.

According to Buss, across cultures, (men/women) attach more importance to physical attractiveness?

Alyssa Mae L.

Numerade Educator

Problem 45

Factors guiding attraction and relationship formation are proximity (physical closeness), similarity (like attracts like), reciprocity (give what we get), physical attractiveness (more important to men than to women), evolutionary influences, social roles, and preference for "average" faces.

Across vastly different cultures, men and women tend to (agree/disagree) on whom they find physically attractive.

Alyssa Mae L.

Numerade Educator

Problem 46

Factors guiding attraction and relationship formation are proximity (physical closeness), similarity (like attracts like), reciprocity (give what we get), physical attractiveness (more important to men than to women), evolutionary influences, social roles, and preference for "average" faces.

Average faces are rated as (less/more) attractive than distinctive or exotic faces?

Alyssa Mae L.

Numerade Educator

Problem 47

The major love types are passionate and companionate. According to Sternberg's model of love, the major love elements are intimacy, passion, and commitment. The major hate elements are negation of intimacy, passion, and commitment.

__________ love can be a mix of delirious happiness when we're near the object of our desire, and misery when separated from it.

Tanner Fonjweng

Tanner Fonjweng

Numerade Educator

Problem 48

The major love types are passionate and companionate. According to Sternberg's model of love, the major love elements are intimacy, passion, and commitment. The major hate elements are negation of intimacy, passion, and commitment.

A relationship marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for our partner is called __________.

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 49

The major love types are passionate and companionate. According to Sternberg's model of love, the major love elements are intimacy, passion, and commitment. The major hate elements are negation of intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Using Sternberg's triangular theory of love, complete this figure by identifying the three major elements of love (forming the points of the triangle) illustrated here. According to Sternberg, which is the ultimate form of love (box d)?

Alyssa Mae L.

Numerade Educator

Problem 50

The major love types are passionate and companionate. According to Sternberg's model of love, the major love elements are intimacy, passion, and commitment. The major hate elements are negation of intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Teaching individuals to overcome their __________ __________ toward perceiving only negative attributions of groups they dislike may be an essential first step in unlearning hate.

Tanner Fonjweng

Tanner Fonjweng

Numerade Educator