Study Guide for Essentials of Pathophysiology

Carol M. Porth, Kathleen S. Prezbindowski

Chapter 38 Disorders of Special Sensory Function: Vision, Hearing, and Vestibular Function - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

Problem 1

The optic globe, commonly called the ____________, is a remarkably mobile, nearly spherical structure contained in a pyramidshaped cavity of the skull called the orbit.

Patrick Vaughn

Numerade Educator

02:07

Problem 1

Dacryocystitis is an infection in the lacrimal sac. What symptoms indicate dacryocystitis?
a. Purulent discharge
b. Swelling
c. Inflamed conjunctiva
d. Lack of tears

Eric Goldman

Numerade Educator

03:32

The mother of an 18-month-old girl brings her daughter to the clinic for a well-baby check. During the physical examination, the physician notices that the client has a white reflex in her left eye. He suspects retinoblastoma.
a. What diagnostic measures would the nurse expect the doctor to order? ________________________________
b. Retinoblastoma is confirmed and a treatment plan is being made. What are the treatment options for retinoblastoma? ________________________________

Sulav Pokhrel

Numerade Educator

01:27

Problem 1

Where are tears formed and what purpose(s) do they serve? ________________________________

Brett Donadeo

Numerade Educator

Problem 1

Match the key terms in Column A with their definitions in Column B.

Column B
a. Caused by infection of the sebaceous glands
b. An infection of the lacrimal sac
c. Chronic inflammatory granuloma of a meibomian gland
d. Drooping of the eyelid
e. Extracellular lipid infiltration of the cornea
f. Turning in of the lid margin
g. Conjunctivitis that occurs in newborns and is related to sexually transmitted diseases
h. Diminished salivary and lacrimal secretions, resulting in keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia
i. Eversion of the lower lid margin
j. Inflammation of the conjunctiva

Column A
1. Arcus senilis
2. Entropion
3. Ophthalmia neonatorum
4. Hordeolum
5. Pink eye
6. Chalazion
7. Ptosis
8. Dacryocystitis
9. Ectropion
10. Sjögren syndrome

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02:40

Problem 1

In the figure above, locate and label the following structures:
- Conjunctiva
- Cornea
- Lens
- Iris
- Meibomian gland
- Orbicularis oculi muscle
- Inferior oblique muscle
- Inferior rectus
- Superior rectus
- Levator palpebrae superioris
- Choroid
- Retina
- Superior tarsal plate
- Ciliary body
- Sclera
- Optic nerve
(Figure can't copy)

Elizabeth Edge

Numerade Educator

00:39

Problem 2

The outer layer of the eyeball consists of a tough, opaque, white, fibrous layer called the ____________.

Krista Holliday

Numerade Educator

00:35

Problem 2

Ophthalmia neonatorum is a conjunctivitis that develops in newborns. It is caused by the agents that cause sexually transmitted diseases. When should ophthalmia neonatorum be suspected?
a. When a conjunctivitis develops 24 hours after birth
b. When a conjunctivitis develops 12 hours after birth
c. When a conjunctivitis develops 48 hours after birth
d. When a conjunctivitis develops 36 hours after birth

Tate Hilken

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

You are the nurse preparing an educational event for the local junior league, which has asked you to speak on hearing loss and deafness. One of the subjects that you will address is ototoxicity.
a. What drugs would you include when talking about ototoxicity? ________________________________

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01:30

Problem 2

What is the most common cause of chronic bacterial conjunctivitis and what are the symptoms? ________________________________

Brett Donadeo

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

Match the key terms in Column A with their definitions in Column B.

Column B
a. The vitreous shrinks and partly separates from the retinal surface
b. A hole in the visual field
c. Anterior-posterior dimension of the eyeball is too short
d. Anterior-posterior dimension of the eyeball is too long
e. Measurement of intraocular pressure
f. Blindness in one eye
g. Paralysis of the ciliary muscle, with loss of accommodation
h. Leakage of fluid results in edema of the optic papilla
i. Rapid constriction of the pupil exposed to light
j. Decrease in accommodation that occurs because of aging

Column A
1. Anopia
2. Hyperopia
3. Cycloplegia
4. Scotoma
5. Rhegmatogenous detachment
6. Tonometry
7. Presbyopia
8. Myopia
9. Direct pupillary light reflex
10. Papilledema

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03:57

Problem 2

In the figure above, which eye represents myopia? Which eye represents hyperopia? Which eye represents normal focal length?
(Figure can't copy)

Dading Chen

Numerade Educator

05:35

Problem 3

Match the key terms in Column A with their definitions in Column B.

a. Degenerative hearing loss that occurs with advancing age
b. Cystlike lesions of the middle ear
c. Most common cause of bacterial meningitis that results in sensorineural hearing loss after the neonatal period
d. Injury resulting from the inability to equalize middle ear with ambient pressures
e. Ringing of the ears; it may also assume a hissing, roaring, buzzing, or humming sound
f. Number of waves per unit time
g. Involuntary rhythmic and oscillatory eye movements that preserve eye fixation on stable objects in the visual field during angular and rotational movements of the head
h. Earwax
i. Examination that records eye movements in response to vestibular, visual, cervical, rotational, and positional stimulation.
j. Presence of fluid in the middle ear without signs and symptoms of acute ear infection

Column A
1. Otitis media with effusion
2. Cerumen
3. Tinnitus
4. Streptococcus pneumoniae
5. Electronystagmography
6. Presbycusis
7. Nystagmus
8. Barotrauma
9. Cholesteatomas
10. Frequency

Asma Venkitta

Numerade Educator

02:10

Problem 3

How do the different levels of abrasion trauma (less severe to more severe) affect the cornea and how fast to the abrasions heal? ________________________________

Vishal Gupta

Numerade Educator

01:20

Problem 3

In the figure above, locate and label the following structures:
- Auricle
- External acoustic meatus
- Malleus
- Stapes
- Eustachian tube
- Cochlea
- Cranial nerve VIII
- Tympanic membrane
- Incus
- Semicircular canals

Elizabeth Edge

Numerade Educator

01:46

Problem 3

Two striated muscles, the ____________ and the ____________, provide for movement of the eyelids.

Hunza Gilgit

Numerade Educator

02:05

Problem 3

Keratitis can be caused by different infectious agents. What is the treatment goal with herpes simplex virus keratitis?
a. Minimizing pain
b. Cure for the disease
c. Eliminating viral replication within the cornea
d. Minimizing spread of virus to other parts of the eye

Brett Donadeo

Numerade Educator

00:47

Problem 4

What is the mechanism of a primary herpes simplex virus optical epithelial infection? ________________________________

Grant Castaneda

Numerade Educator

02:22

Problem 4

Symptoms of ____________ are a foreign body sensation, a scratching or burning sensation, itching, and photophobia.

Alexander Clippinger

Numerade Educator

01:49

Problem 4

Corneal transplants are done everyday in hospitals around the world. All of these transplanted corneas come from cadavers. Why do corneal transplants have such a low rejection rate? (Mark all that apply.)
a. Cornea is very vascular
b. Antigen-presenting cells are not present in great numbers
c. The cornea secretes immunosuppressive factors
d. The cornea has no lymphatics
e. Corneal cells secrete substances that protect against keratitis

Asma Venkitta

Numerade Educator

01:36

Problem 5

____________ conjunctivitis is a severe, sightthreatening ocular infection.

Jennifer Landes

Numerade Educator

00:23

Problem 5

What is the cause of acanthamoeba keratitis and what are the primary symptoms? ________________________________

Joanna Quigley

Numerade Educator

02:12

Problem 5

Pharmacologic agents can affect dilation of the pupil and the papillary response. What types of drugs produce papillary constriction?
a. Sympathomimetic agents
b. Antihistamine agents
c. Cycloplegic agents
d. Miotic agents

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

01:46

Problem 6

The ____________ is avascular and obtains its nutrient and oxygen supply by diffusion from blood vessels of the adjacent sclera, from the aqueous humor at its deep surface, and from tears.

Asma Venkitta

Numerade Educator

01:00

Problem 6

Explain how the pupil is able to change shape. ________________________________

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

03:33

Problem 6

In open-angle glaucoma, there is an increased pressure within the globe of the eye without obstruction at the iridocorneal angle. Usually, this is caused by an abnormality in the trabecular meshwork, which controls the flow or aqueous humor. Where is aqueous humor in a normal eye?
a. Canal of Schlemm
b. Ocular canal
c. Ductus lacrimalis
d. Behind the pupil

Arun Bana

Numerade Educator

02:14

Problem 7

Match the terms with their definitions.
Term
1. Presbyopia
2. Cycloplegia
3. Myopia
4. Hyperopia
5. Astigmatism
Definition
a. The anterior-posterior dimension of the eyeball is too long; the focus point for an infinitely distant target is anterior to the retina
b. Paralysis of the ciliary muscle, with loss of accommodation
c. The anterior-posterior dimension of the eyeball is too short; the image is theoretically focused posterior to (behind) the retina
d. Range of focus or accommodation is diminished
e. An asymmetric bowing of the cornea

Emily Himsel

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

____________ refers to inflammation of the cornea caused by infections, misuse of contact lenses, hypersensitivity reactions, ischemia, trauma, defects in tearing, and interruption in sensory innervation, as occurs with local anesthesia.

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Problem 7

What is glaucoma? What is primary and secondary glaucoma? ________________________________

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01:15

Problem 8

Age-related cataracts are characterized by what?
a. Everything looking grey
b. Visual distortion
c. Narrowing visual field
d. Blind spots in visual field

Hunza Gilgit

Numerade Educator

00:59

Problem 8

Herpes simplex virus ____________ with stromal scarring is the most common cause of corneal ulceration and blindness in the Western world.

Emily Terlap

Numerade Educator

01:04

Problem 8

What is presbyopia and how does it affect vision? ________________________________

Sri Datta Vikas Buchemmavari

Numerade Educator

01:16

Problem 9

Vitreous humor occupies the posterior portion of the eyeball. It is an amorphous biologic gel. When liquefaction of the gel occurs, as in aging, what can be seen during head movement?
a. Blind spots
b. Meshlike structures
c. Floaters
d. Red spots

Parvati Devi

Numerade Educator

00:59

Problem 9

Herpes zoster ____________ usually presents with malaise, fever, headache, and burning and itching of the periorbital area.

Emily Terlap

Numerade Educator

01:36

Problem 9

Retinal hemorrhage can occur at many layers. What are the types of retinal bleeding and where do they occur? ________________________________

Cody Delk

Numerade Educator

01:22

Problem 10

Why is proliferative diabetic retinopathy a major concern for all diabetic patients? ________________________________

John Nicolle

Numerade Educator

00:56

Problem 10

The ____________ is an adjustable diaphragm that permits changes in pupil size and in the light entering the eye.

Parvati Devi

Numerade Educator

01:36

Problem 10

When conditions occur that impair retinal blood flow, such as hyperviscosity of the blood or a sickle cell crisis, what can occur in the eye?
a. Microaneurysms
b. Hypertensive retinopathy
c. Microinfarcts
d. Neovascularization

Jennifer Landes

Numerade Educator

01:52

Problem 11

What is the relationship between hypertension and the development of a retinopathy? ________________________________

Ramesh Singh

Numerade Educator

02:05

Problem 11

Age-related macular degeneration that is dry is characterized by what?
a. Atrophy of the Bruch membrane
b. Leakage of serous or hemorrhagic fluid
c. New blood vessels in the eye
d. Formation of a choroidal neovascular membrane

Khoobchandra Agrawal

Numerade Educator

01:46

Problem 11

Inflammation of the entire uveal tract, which supports the lens and neural components of the eye, is called ____________.

Hunza Gilgit

Numerade Educator

Problem 12

What is/are the functions of the eustachian tube? ________________________________

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03:59

Problem 12

Cortical blindness is the bilateral loss of the primary visual cortex. What is retained in cortical blindness?
a. Red spots seen behind the eyelids
b. Pupillary reflexes
c. Ptosis
d. Myopia

Yazeed Hamami

Numerade Educator

01:34

Problem 12

With diffuse damage to the forebrain involving the thalamus and hypothalamus, the ____________ are typically small but respond to light.

Joanna Quigley

Numerade Educator

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Problem 13

What are the complications associated with otitis media? ________________________________

Rashmi Sinha

Numerade Educator

01:16

Problem 13

Adult strabismus is almost always of the paralytic variety. What is a cause of adult strabismus?
a. Huntington disease
b. Parkinson disease
c. Graves disease
d. Addison disease

Cody Delk

Numerade Educator

02:45

Problem 13

____________ includes a group of conditions that produce an elevation in intraocular pressure.

Mahnoor Khan

Numerade Educator

01:55

Problem 14

In persons with glaucoma, temporary or permanent impairment of vision results from ____________ changes in the retina and optic nerve and from corneal edema and opacification.

Samia Islam

Numerade Educator

03:24

Problem 14

How does otosclerosis lead to progressive deafness? ________________________________

Jennifer Stoner

Numerade Educator

02:05

Problem 14

Amblyopia, or lazy eye, occurs at a time when visual deprivation or abnormal binocular interactions occur in visual infancy. Whether or not amblyopia is reversible depends on what?
a. The child has to be older than 5
b. The maturity of the visual system at time of onset
c. The child has to have bilateral congenital cataracts
d. The child has to be able to wear contact lenses

Khoobchandra Agrawal

Numerade Educator

01:06

Problem 15

What are the purported causes of subjective tinnitus? ________________________________

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

02:49

Problem 15

____________ glaucoma is caused by a disorder in which the anterior chamber retains its fetal configuration, with aberrant trabecular meshwork extending to the root of the iris, or is covered by a membrane.

Elan Stopnitzky

Numerade Educator

01:07

Problem 15

Otitis externa is an inflammation of the outer ear. What fungi cause otitis externa?
a. Aspergillus
b. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
c. Staphylococcus aureus
d. Escherichia coli

Joanna Quigley

Numerade Educator

02:23

Problem 16

What is the cause of hearing loss in conductive hearing loss? ________________________________

Asma Venkitta

Numerade Educator

01:37

Problem 16

Nonuniform curvature of the refractive medium comparing the horizontal and vertical planes is called ____________.

Mishal Gul

Numerade Educator

02:00

Problem 16

The eustachian tube connects the nasopharynx and the middle ear. In infants and children with abnormally patent tubes, what are let into the eustachian tube when the infant or child cries or blows the nose?
a. Air and cerumen
b. Air and secretions
c. Secretions and saliva
d. Cerumen and saliva

Asma Venkitta

Numerade Educator

02:11

Problem 17

How does the vestibular system inform the brain about head and body position? ________________________________

John Barone

Numerade Educator

02:13

Problem 17

____________ is neurologically associated with convergence of the eyes, pupillary constriction, and results from thickening of the lens through contraction of the ciliary muscle.

Ashok Prajapati

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

Acute otitis media is the disorder in children for which antibiotics are most prescribed. What are the risk factors for acute otitis media? (Mark all that apply.)
a. Ethnicity
b. Premature birth
c. Only child in household
d. Genetic syndromes
e. Female gender

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00:17

Problem 18

What is the test used to determine vestibular function in an unconscious patient? ________________________________

Sam Limsuwannarot

Numerade Educator