Chapter Questions
In what ways can coaching be viewed as attempts to influence behavior?
What are the $\mathrm{ABCs}$ of behavior control within an operant conditioning analysis of behavior?
Define the four basic consequences created by the presentation or removal of positive or aversive stimuli and explain their effects on behavior.
Differentiate between negative reinforcement and punishment.
Define positive reinforcement and contrast it with punishment in terms of its effects on behavior and the motivational factors that underlie its effectiveness.
What are the direct effects and undesirable side effects of punishment? Distinguish between aversive punishment and response cost. How can we explain the fact that highly punitive coaches are sometimes very successful in eliciting high levels of athlete performance?
What are reinforcement contingencies and how are they applied in shaping?
Summarize the schedules of reinforcement described in the text, as well as their effects on performance.
What is the importance of reinforcing effort rather than focusing entirely on outcome?
How can the positive approach be used to reduce disciplinary problems?
Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Under what conditions can intrinsic motivation be undermined by positive reinforcement and what can be done to reduce this danger?
How would you use positive reinforcement to create (a) a task-oriented motivational climate and (b) an ego-oriented motivational climate?
What are the effects of performance feedback on task performance, and what are the mechanisms whereby feedback is assumed to motivate behavior? What is the instructional value of feedback?
What are some of the key principles in implementing a performance feedback program? How are these related to the positive approach to coaching?